1. Why is it important to understand the historical roots of psychological testing? How do changes in psychological testing reflect changes in society? Explain. 350 words, 2 references (peer-review journal articles only)

2. The text asserts that any test can be an instrument for good or harm. How are tests used for good? How are they used for harm? Should testing be eliminated altogether?  Explain. 350 words, 2 references (peer-review journal articles only)

3. Why is it important for achievement tests to be aligned with learning outcomes? What happens if an achievement test is not aligned with learning outcomes?  Explain. 350 words, 2 references (peer-review journal articles only)

4. Why is the reliability of an instrument important? Could you write a test of your own one evening, administer it to a sample the next day, and publish the results of your study in a peer-reviewed journal? Why or why not? Explain. 350 words, 2 references (peer-review journal articles only)

5. The reliability of the Rorschach test has often been disputed. What would be the best way to evaluate the reliability of this instrument? Why? Explain. 350 words, 2 references (peer-review journal articles only)

6. Distinguish between reliability and validity. Is it more important in psychological testing to have a test with high reliability, or one with high validity? Why? Explain. 350 words, 2 references (peer-review journal articles only)

7. Consider these three types of validity: construct, content, and criterion. Which is most valuable to a psychologist in evaluating each of the following types of tests: an achievement test, a projective diagnostic test, and a job-proficiency test? Defend your answer. Explain. 350 words, 2 references (peer-review journal articles only)

8. What are the most important considerations when interpreting achievement test scores? Why? What are the most important considerations when making decisions based on achievement test scores? Why? Explain. 350 words, 2 references (peer-review journal articles only)

9. What is the difference between item discrimination and item difficulty? In what ways are these measures valuable in the evaluation of a test? Why? Explain. 350 words, 2 references (peer-review journal articles only)

10. Distinguish between the constructs of intelligence and achievement in terms of how they are defined and how they are measured. In what ways could these constructs be used to create a theoretical framework for research? Support your answer. Explain. 350 words, 2 references (peer-review journal articles only)